General Physical Weakness
Description: A state of low energy or muscle strength, requiring initial diagnostic workup in the OPD.
Symptoms: Constant fatigue, lack of motivation, muscle weakness, difficulty concentrating.
Causes: Nutritional deficiencies, lack of sleep, chronic fatigue syndrome, underlying anemia.
Risk Factors: Poor diet, chronic stress, long working hours.
Diagnosis: Complete blood count, vitamin D/B12 panels, thyroid tests.
Treatment: Multivitamin supplements, dietary advice, rest.
Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
Description: A common viral infection affecting the nose, throat, and sinuses.
Symptoms: Nasal congestion, sore throat, sneezing, cough, low-grade fever.
Causes: Rhinovirus, influenza virus, coronavirus.
Risk Factors: Seasonal changes, exposure to infected individuals, poor hand hygiene.
Diagnosis: Clinical examination of throat and chest.
Treatment: Symptomatic relief (antihistamines, decongestants), hydration, rest.
Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD) - Mild
Description: Mild acid reflux causing occasional discomfort in the chest and throat.
Symptoms: Occasional heartburn, acid taste in mouth, bloating.
Causes: Weakness in the lower esophageal sphincter, eating large meals close to bedtime.
Risk Factors: Obesity, fatty diets, caffeine intake, smoking.
Diagnosis: Clinical evaluation, response to trial acid suppressants.
Treatment: Proton pump inhibitors, dietary and posture changes.
Vitamin D Deficiency
Description: Low blood levels of vitamin D, leading to bone weakness and fatigue.
Symptoms: Bone pain, muscle cramps, joint stiffness, chronic fatigue.
Causes: Inadequate exposure to sunlight, poor dietary intake of vitamin D.
Risk Factors: Indoor lifestyle, darker skin tones, obesity.
Diagnosis: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D blood test.
Treatment: Weekly high-dose vitamin D3 supplements, calcium intake.
Allergic Rhinitis
Description: An allergic response causing itchy, watery eyes, sneezing, and runny nose.
Symptoms: Frequent sneezing, runny nose, itchy throat, watery eyes.
Causes: Immune system overreaction to airborne allergens (pollen, dust mites, pet dander).
Risk Factors: Family history of allergies or asthma, exposure to dusty environments.
Diagnosis: Clinical evaluation, allergy skin prick tests.
Treatment: Oral antihistamines, nasal steroid sprays, allergen avoidance.
Mild Hypertension
Description: Initial stage of high blood pressure requiring clinical monitoring and lifestyle changes.
Symptoms: Often asymptomatic, occasional mild headaches or dizziness.
Causes: High salt diet, physical inactivity, stress, genetics.
Risk Factors: Sedentary lifestyle, high sodium intake, family history.
Diagnosis: Repeated blood pressure readings across several visits.
Treatment: Dietary modification (DASH diet), regular exercise, follow-up monitoring.
Chronic Tension Headache
Description: Mild to moderate pain that is often described as feeling like a tight band around the head.
Symptoms: Dull, aching head pain, sensation of tightness on forehead/back of head, neck muscle tenderness.
Causes: Muscle contractions in the head and neck, stress, anxiety.
Risk Factors: High-stress jobs, poor posture, lack of sleep.
Diagnosis: Clinical history, physical and neurological exam.
Treatment: Pain relievers (acetaminophen, NSAIDs), stress management, posture correction.
Nutritional Iron Deficiency
Description: Anemia caused by lack of adequate dietary iron intake, diagnosed during routine blood panels.
Symptoms: Pale skin, fatigue, cold hands and feet, brittle nails.
Causes: Diet low in iron-rich foods, poor absorption.
Risk Factors: Strict vegetarians, adolescent girls.
Diagnosis: CBC, serum ferritin and iron studies.
Treatment: Iron supplements, vitamin C to aid absorption, diet planning.
Acute Viral Fever
Description: Temporary increase in body temperature caused by a viral infection.
Symptoms: High body temperature, chills, sweating, muscle aches, headache.
Causes: Infection by various viral strains.
Risk Factors: Weakened immunity, travel to endemic areas.
Diagnosis: CBC, urine test, fever panel if lasting more than 3 days.
Treatment: Antipyretics (paracetamol), hydration, physical cooling.
Mild Low Back Strain
Description: Stretching or tearing of muscles or ligaments in the lower back.
Symptoms: Pain in the lower back that worsens with movement, muscle spasms, limited flexibility.
Causes: Heavy lifting, sudden twisting movements, poor posture.
Risk Factors: Weak back muscles, obesity, sedentary lifestyle.
Diagnosis: Physical and spinal mobility examination.
Treatment: Short rest, NSAIDs, hot/cold compress, back exercises.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Description: Common menstrual cramps that are recurrent and not due to other diseases.
Symptoms: Throbby pain in lower abdomen starting before period, lower back ache.
Causes: High levels of prostaglandins causing uterine contractions.
Risk Factors: Age under 30, starting period early, heavy flow.
Diagnosis: Clinical evaluation, pelvic ultrasound to rule out secondary causes.
Treatment: NSAIDs (mefenamic acid), heating pad, regular exercise.
Dyspepsia (Indigestion)
Description: Discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, commonly evaluated in outpatient clinics.
Symptoms: Feeling full early during a meal, uncomfortable fullness after a meal, burning in upper abdomen.
Causes: Eating too fast, high-fat foods, stress, stomach irritation.
Risk Factors: Poor dietary habits, excessive caffeine or alcohol, smoking.
Diagnosis: Clinical assessment, H. pylori stool test.
Treatment: Antacids, lifestyle adjustments, avoiding trigger foods.
Allergic Dermatitis
Description: Skin inflammation resulting from contact with an allergen.
Symptoms: Red rash, severe itching, dry, scaly or cracked skin.
Causes: Contact with soaps, cosmetics, metals, or plants.
Risk Factors: History of eczema or asthma, sensitive skin.
Diagnosis: Visual skin examination, patch test.
Treatment: Topical corticosteroid creams, oral antihistamines, barrier moisturizers.
Obesity (Class I)
Description: Excess body fat with a BMI between 30 and 34.9, managed with lifestyle plans.
Symptoms: Increased body weight, breathlessness during mild physical activity.
Causes: Caloric imbalance, sedentary lifestyle, genetic factors.
Risk Factors: Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, joint pain.
Diagnosis: Weight and height measurement (BMI calculation), waist circumference.
Treatment: Dietary restriction, structured physical activity program, behavioral counseling.
Bilateral Otitis Externa (Mild)
Description: Inflammation of the external ear canal, managed in the ENT/OPD consultation.
Symptoms: Itching in the ear canal, redness, discomfort when pulling outer ear, mild discharge.
Causes: Water retention in ear canal (swimmer's ear) leading to bacterial growth.
Risk Factors: Frequent swimming, using cotton swabs in ear.
Diagnosis: Otoscopic examination.
Treatment: Antibiotic ear drops, keeping ears dry.
