Minimally Invasive Urology
Description: Modern urological surgeries performed through keyhole or tiny incisions, ensuring less pain and faster hospital discharge.
Procedures: Laparoscopic pyeloplasty, cystectomy, keyhole reconstructive urology.
Benefits: Quicker healing, minimal blood loss, minimal scarring, rapid recovery.
Kidney Stones
Description: Precise diagnosis, comprehensive management, and surgical removal of painful urinary tract stones using laser and endoscopy.
Techniques: Holmium Laser Lithotripsy (URSL), PCNL, RIRS (Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery).
Aims: Complete stone clearance, prompt relief from acute flank pain, stone prevention counseling.
Prostate & Bladder Care
Description: Specialized geriatric and adult care for bladder dysfunctions, infections, urinary incontinence, and prostate disorders.
Focus Areas: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, bladder stones, overactive bladder.
Options: Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP), HoLEP laser surgery, bladder Botox.
Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)
Description: Hard deposits of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys, blocking urine flow.
Symptoms: Severe, sharp pain in the side and back, pain radiating to lower abdomen, hematuria (blood in urine).
Causes: Dehydration, high-sodium diet, obesity, hyperparathyroidism.
Risk Factors: Dehydration, family history, digestive diseases, gout.
Diagnosis: Non-contrast CT scan of abdomen/pelvis, renal ultrasound, urinalysis.
Treatment: Laser lithotripsy (URSL), PCNL, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL).
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Description: Age-associated enlargement of the prostate gland, which can cause urinary difficulty.
Symptoms: Weak urine stream, difficulty starting urination, frequent urge to urinate, nocturia.
Causes: Changes in male sex hormones associated with aging.
Risk Factors: Age over 50, family history, obesity, cardiovascular disease.
Diagnosis: Digital rectal exam, PSA blood test, uroflowmetry, prostate ultrasound.
Treatment: TURP surgery, laser prostatectomy (HoLEP), alpha-blockers.
Ureteric Stricture
Description: Narrowing of the ureter lumen, blocking the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder.
Symptoms: Flank pain, recurrent UTIs, decreased urine output, fever.
Causes: Post-surgical scarring, passage of stones, radiation therapy, trauma.
Risk Factors: Prior ureteroscopy, radiation therapy, chronic stone disease.
Diagnosis: CT urogram, retrograde pyelogram.
Treatment: Ureteric stenting, balloon dilation, surgical ureteroplasty.
Varicocele
Description: An enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, potentially causing pain and infertility.
Symptoms: Dull ache in the scrotum, swelling or 'bag of worms' feeling, testicular atrophy.
Causes: Dysfunction of valves in the spermatic cord veins.
Risk Factors: Puberty, prolonged standing.
Diagnosis: Physical exam, scrotal Doppler ultrasound.
Treatment: Surgical varicocelectomy (microscopic or laparoscopic).
Hydrocele
Description: A fluid-filled sac surrounding a testicle, causing swelling in the scrotum.
Symptoms: Painless swelling of one or both testicles, feeling of heaviness.
Causes: Imbalance in fluid absorption, congenital patent processus vaginalis.
Risk Factors: Premature birth, scrotal injury or infection.
Diagnosis: Physical exam, transillumination test, scrotal ultrasound.
Treatment: Hydrocelectomy (surgical excision).
Prostate Cancer
Description: Malignant growth in the prostate gland, requiring surgical or medical intervention.
Symptoms: Trouble urinating, blood in semen, bone pain, erectile dysfunction.
Causes: Genetic mutations in prostate cells.
Risk Factors: Age over 60, family history, high-fat diet.
Diagnosis: PSA blood test, digital rectal exam, transrectal ultrasound biopsy, MRI.
Treatment: Radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy.
Phimosis
Description: A condition where the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis.
Symptoms: Pain, swelling, difficulty urinating, recurrent balanitis.
Causes: Chronic inflammation, physiological in infants, scarring from infection.
Risk Factors: Poor hygiene, diabetes.
Diagnosis: Clinical examination.
Treatment: Circumcision (stapler or conventional), topical steroid creams.
Bladder Tumor
Description: Abnormal tissue growth in the urinary bladder, requiring endoscopic resection.
Symptoms: Painless hematuria (blood in urine), frequent urination, pain during urination.
Causes: Chronic exposure to carcinogens (e.g., tobacco smoke, industrial dyes).
Risk Factors: Smoking, occupational exposure, male gender, chronic bladder irritation.
Diagnosis: Cystoscopy, urine cytology, CT urogram.
Treatment: Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT), intravesical chemotherapy.
Testicular Torsion
Description: A urological emergency where the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply to the testicle.
Symptoms: Sudden, severe scrotal pain, swelling, nausea, vomiting, elevated testicle.
Causes: Anatomical 'bell-clapper' deformity allowing free rotation.
Risk Factors: Age between 12 and 18, history of minor trauma.
Diagnosis: Scrotal Doppler ultrasound, physical exam.
Treatment: Emergency surgical detorsion and orchidopexy (within 6 hours).
Overactive Bladder (OAB)
Description: A condition characterized by a sudden, involuntary contraction of the bladder muscle.
Symptoms: Urgency, frequency (more than 8 times/day), nocturia, urge incontinence.
Causes: Nervous system signals, weak pelvic muscles, UTI.
Risk Factors: Aging, neurological diseases (Parkinson's, stroke), obesity.
Diagnosis: Urine culture, post-void residual volume, urodynamic studies.
Treatment: Anticholinergic medications, bladder training, pelvic floor exercises.
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Description: Malignant tumor originating in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule.
Symptoms: Hematuria, flank pain, palpable abdominal mass, unexplained weight loss.
Causes: Genetic mutations (often linked to VHL gene changes).
Risk Factors: Smoking, obesity, hypertension, chronic dialysis.
Diagnosis: Abdominal CT scan, MRI, renal biopsy.
Treatment: Partial or radical nephrectomy (surgical removal).
Urethral Stricture
Description: Narrowing of the urethra, restricting the flow of urine out of the bladder.
Symptoms: Decreased urine stream, spraying of stream, pain on urination, urinary retention.
Causes: Injury (straddle trauma), infection (STIs), prior catheterization.
Risk Factors: Prior urethral instrumentation, urethritis.
Diagnosis: Retrograde urethrogram (RUG), uroflowmetry, cystoscopy.
Treatment: Optical internal urethrotomy (OIU), urethroplasty.
Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testis)
Description: Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum during fetal development.
Symptoms: Scrotum feels empty or underdeveloped on one or both sides.
Causes: Hormonal or physical disruption during fetal descent.
Risk Factors: Premature birth, low birth weight, family history.
Diagnosis: Physical exam at birth, ultrasound, laparoscopy (if non-palpable).
Treatment: Orchidopexy (surgical repositioning) ideally before age 1.
Urinary Retention (Acute)
Description: The sudden inability to pass urine, representing a medical emergency.
Symptoms: Severe lower abdominal pain, complete inability to urinate, distended bladder.
Causes: Severe BPH, urethral stricture, blood clots, neurological failure.
Risk Factors: Elderly men, use of anticholinergic medications, recent surgery.
Diagnosis: Physical exam showing bladder distension, ultrasound.
Treatment: Emergency bladder catheterization (urethral or suprapubic), treating underlying cause.
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Description: Abnormal backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters or kidneys.
Symptoms: Recurrent UTIs in infants/children, bedwetting, high blood pressure.
Causes: Congenital defect in the valve mechanism between ureter and bladder.
Risk Factors: Family history, female gender (infants), white race.
Diagnosis: Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), renal ultrasound.
Treatment: Prophylactic antibiotics, endoscopic injection (Deflux), surgical ureteral reimplantation.
